Apparatus for monitoring the output of an optical system

ABSTRACT

Apparatus for monitoring the output of an optical system. The apparatus comprises first and second fibre optic sections, a reflective coating, and a detector. The first fibre optic section has a first cladding and a first core, and is configured to receive light from the optical system at one end and has at the other end a first angled, polished face. The second fibre optic section has a second cladding and a second core, and has at one end a second angled, polished face. The first and second fibre optic sections are arranged such that the first and second angled, polished faces are substantially parallel and adjacent and the first and second cores are substantially aligned. The reflective coating is applied to the first or second angled, polished face, and is configured to reflect a portion of light transmitted through the first core. The detector is arranged to receive the reflected light.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/474,982, filed on Jun. 28, 2019 (now U.S. Pat. No. 11,137,556), entitled “APPARATUS FOR MONITORING THE OUTPUT OF AN OPTICAL SYSTEM AND TO ACCOUNT FOR ATTENUATION AND/OR CLADDING MODES,” which is a 371 national stage of PCT Application No. PCT/GB2018/051830, filed on Jun. 29, 2018 and entitled “APPARATUS FOR MONITORING THE OUTPUT OF AN OPTICAL SYSTEM,” which claims priority to United Kingdom Patent Application No. 1710522.2, filed on Jun. 30, 2017 and entitled “SPATIAL FILTER,” the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to optical systems. In particular, the invention relates to an apparatus for monitoring the output of an optical system.

BACKGROUND

Control systems for optical apparatus require the monitoring of outputs. For example, a phase modulated system requires precise control of a modulator such as a Mach-Zehnder (MZ) modulator, which is achieved by a feedback loop. This feedback loop includes a detector which monitors a beam split from the output beam. The intensity of this beam is used to determine whether the modulator is selecting the correct phase, and to control the phase if it is not.

An exemplary diagram of such a system is shown in FIG. 1 (dotted lines represent light paths). A MZ modulator 1 has an output which is directed to a beam splitter 2. The two outputs from the beam splitter go to the system output 3 (typically a lens which focusses the beam on to a fibre-optic) and to the detector 4.

It has been found that the accuracy of such systems is limited to about 1 degree of phase angle. For high speed phase modulated transmitters, greater accuracy of phase control is required.

SUMMARY

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for monitoring the output of an optical system. The apparatus comprises first and second fibre optic sections, a reflective coating, and a detector. The first fibre optic section has a first cladding and a first core, and is configured to receive light from the optical system at one end and has at the other end a first angled, polished face. The second fibre optic section has a second cladding and a second core, and has at one end a second angled, polished face. The first and second fibre optic sections are arranged such that the first and second angled, polished faces are substantially parallel and adjacent and the first and second cores are substantially aligned. The reflective coating is applied to the first or second angled, polished face, and is configured to reflect a portion of light transmitted through the first core. The detector is arranged to receive the reflected light.

According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an apparatus for monitoring the output of an optical system. The apparatus comprises a beam splitter, a lens, a fibre optic stub having a core and a cladding, and a detector. The beam splitter is configured to receive light from the output of the optical system and has first and second outputs, the first output being configured to pass light to a fibre optic cable. The lens is configured to focus light from the second output of the beam splitter into the core of the fibre-optic stub. The detector configured to receive light from the fibre optic stub.

According to a third aspect of the present invention, there is provided an optical modulator assembly. The assembly comprises an optical modulator, an apparatus according to either the first or second aspect, and a feedback system. The apparatus according to the first or second aspect is configured to monitor an output of the modulator. The feedback system is configured to control the interferometer on the basis of the monitored output.

The modulator and the apparatus may be co-located on a single chip.

According to a fourth aspect, there is provided an optical system. The optical system comprises an optical component; an apparatus according to the first or second aspect configured to monitor an output of the component; a variable optical amplifier for controlling the intensity of light downstream of the apparatus; and a further apparatus according to the first or second aspect located downstream of the variable optical amplifier.

Further embodiments of the invention are presented in claim 2 et seq.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a modulator system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary modulator system;

FIG. 3 is a graph of attenuation against fibre length for an unwanted mode;

FIG. 4 shown the intensity of various modes transmitted through a short length of fibre;

FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross sections of an exemplary construction.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary fibre stub.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The inaccuracy of output monitoring in phase control systems comes about because components such as a Mach Zehnder modulator do not necessarily produce a signal with only the desired characteristics. As well as the signal at the “fundamental” mode (denoted as [0,0]), there are signals produced at higher order modes (denoted as [x,y], where x>0, y>0). These superfluous signals are attenuated within the output optical fibre, and so are negligible at whichever device is receiving the signal. However, because the detector for the phase control receives a signal directly from the MZ modulator (or other component near the output of the optical system), there is no opportunity for the higher order modes to be attenuated.

This could be resolved by using a fibre tap in the output fibre to divert a signal to the detector. However, fibre taps are relatively bulky (a few cm long), and it would be advantageous to have a solution which can be encapsulated on the same chip as the modulator.

In order to fit on the chip, any solution must be on the order of a few millimetres long, e.g. less than 10 mm, more preferably less than 5 mm. One approach to address this is shown in FIG. 2 , which is a schematic illustration of an optical component 21 directing light into a beam splitter 22 and hence to an optical output 23 and detector 24, in the same way as the system shown in FIG. 1 . In the arrangement of FIG. 2 , a short fibre “stub” 25 is provided between the beam splitter 22 and the detector 24. The monitoring output of the beamsplitter 22 is focused by a lens 26 into the fibre stub 25. Light passes through the fibre stub to the detector 24. As the light passes through the fibre stub 25, the higher order modes are attenuated, so the only light reaching the detector 24 is the fundamental.

The length of the fibre stub 25 should be chosen to ensure that sufficient attenuation of the higher order modes takes place before the light reaches the detector 24. FIG. 3 shows the attenuation of the mode [1,1] against the length of fibre in an example. As can be seen, an attenuation of greater than −15 dB/mm can be achieved. Higher order modes will tend to attenuate even more sharply, as shown in FIG. 4 , which shows the intensity of H(0,0) to H(0,4) order modes through a 300 micron length of fibre (dark reds are high intensity, dark blues are low intensity). This means that sufficient attenuation of higher order modes can be achieved with a fibre stub only a few millimetres long.

As well as the higher order modes, errors in the signal will also come from “cladding modes”. These modes result from signals (at both the fundamental and higher order modes) which are not correctly focused into the core when the light is directed into the fibre optic. Such signals travel through the cladding, and can reach the end of a short length of fibre optic before being attenuated (either directly, or via a reflection off the outer surface of the cladding). The system can be improved still further if these cladding modes are prevented from reaching the detector. This is possible within the fibre stub already described using one or more of the techniques described below:

-   -   the fibre optic may be bent so there is no direct optical path         between input and output. This reduces the number of possible         angles at which cladding modes can enter the stub and be         transmitted to the detector. Very small radius bends can also         attenuate the fundamental mode in the core, but radii sufficient         to cause a small attenuation in the fundamental mode in the core         (e.g. 0 to −0.5 dB, more preferably 0 to −0.05 db) can still         cause a significant reduction in the cladding modes. Suitable         bend radiuses are 2 mm to 20 mm. For example, a 12 mm bend         radius in an exemplary 3 mm length fibre stub may cause a −38 dB         attenuation in the cladding mode, but only a −0.036 dB         attenuation in the fundamental mode in the core.     -   an absorber may be applied to the outer surface of the cladding         or to a break in the cladding, causing the cladding modes to be         absorbed rather than reflected at the edge of the cladding.         Provided that the absorber is substantially beyond the         evanescent field of the fundamental mode in the core (e.g. more         than 10 microns from the core), it will not have any significant         effect on the fundamental mode.     -   The absorber may be placed beyond the outer surface of the         cladding, with a further material, index matched to the         cladding, located between the absorber and cladding.         Alternatively the absorber itself may be a material which is         index matched to the cladding. The absorber may absorb at least         90%, or at least 95%, of incident light.     -   As shown in FIG. 6 , the fibre stub may comprise two lens-ended         fibres 61, 62 (i.e. fibres where the end of the fibre is formed         into a lens 63), with their cores aligned such that the lenses         face each other and have a common focus. This will allow light         to couple between the cores of the two lens-ended fibres, but         cladding modes will not be able to pass from one lens-ended         fibre to the other.

While the provision of a separate fibre stub improves the accuracy of phase detection, there may still be some variation between the signal at the detector and the signal at the output. This arises because the modes propagated by the fibre stub are not guaranteed to be the same as those propagated by the output optical fibre. This can be mitigated by making the first section of the optical fibre as structurally similar as possible to the fibre stub (e.g. same bending radius, same layers outside the cladding).

Another way to ensure that the signal at the detector and the output signal have had the same attenuation of higher order and cladding modes is to provide a system in which the detector signal and output signal both pass through the same section of fibre. The conventional way to achieve this would be to provide a fibre tap—but as noted previously, fibre taps are relatively bulky and would not fit within the package of many optical systems. In order to allow detection of the signal within the fibre, a new fibre configuration will now be described. While this is presented in the context of diverting a signal for use in phase detection, it will be appreciated that this fibre configuration can be used in other circumstances where a signal must be sampled or split from a fibre (e.g. where a fibre tap would otherwise be used).

The new configuration is shown in FIG. 5A (side cross section) and 5B (front cross section). A fibre 40 a, 40 b comprises a core 41 a, 41 b and a cladding 42 a, 42 b. The fibre 40 a,b is located in a v-groove 43 (or other alignment means) and held in place using resin 44. The resin 44 may be index matched to the cladding 42 a,b and/or contain absorbers to reduce cladding modes as described previously for the fibre stub 25. The fibre is split into two sections, 40 a and 40 b, which each have an angled, polished face. The fibre sections are located such that the angled, polished faces are at substantially the same angle and in proximity to each other. The angled polished faces may have an angle of between 40 and 50 degrees, more particularly 45 degrees. A layer 45 of material with a refractive index similar to the core and the cladding, or index matches to the core, is used to connect the angled, polished faces, which will mitigate any minor variations in angle and position. The angled, polished face of the first section 40 a is provided with a reflective coating 46, which is configured to reflect a proportion of the light passing through the fibre, e.g. less than 10%, 5%, less than 5%, and/or at least 2%.

The reflected light travels to a detector 47 (or other output) through a region 48. The region 48 may comprise material that is index matched to the cladding 41 a, 41 b. The detector 47 can be placed sufficiently close to the fibre that no lens is required to focus the light onto the detector.

All of the techniques outlined above for the fibre stub may be applied to the fibre optic cable section preceding the detector. For example, the cable may be bent or absorbing material added around the cladding to attenuate cladding modes.

The configuration shown in FIG. 5A can be conveniently incorporated into existing fibre-optic structures. For example, where an optical apparatus includes a VOA (variable optic attenuator), the fibre optic both before and after the VOA may incorporate detectors according to FIG. 5A, which provides a compact solution to pre- and post-VOA detection. The VOA may be mounted within the same v-groove as the fibre optic sections of the detectors. Alternatively, only one of the pre- and post-VOA monitors may be made with that configuration. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a beam splitter; a lens; a fibre optic stub having a core, a cladding, and a cladding mode reduction feature; and a detector, wherein the fibre optic stub is less than 10 millimeters (mm) in length from a first end proximate to the lens and a second end proximate to the detector, wherein the lens is arranged to focus light from an output of the beam splitter into the core, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises at least one of: a bend in the fibre optic stub, wherein the bend has a radius between 2 mm and 20 mm, an absorber applied to the cladding, wherein the absorber comprises an index matched material which is index matched to the cladding, or two lens-ended fibres included in the fibre optic stub, wherein the two lens-ended fibres are aligned such that lenses of the two lens-ended fibres face each other and have a common focus; wherein the detector is arranged to receive light from the fibre optic stub, and wherein the apparatus is co-located on a single chip with an optical modulator.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the bend.
 3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the absorber.
 4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the absorber, and wherein the absorber is applied to a break in the cladding and located at least 10 microns from the core.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the two lens-ended fibres.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an optical device to provide the light; and a section of optical fibre between the optical device and the beam splitter, wherein the section of optical fibre comprises another cladding mode reduction feature that corresponds to the cladding mode reduction feature.
 7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fibre optic stub is configured to attenuate higher order modes of light by greater than −15 dB/millimeter.
 8. An apparatus, co-located on a single chip with an optical modulator, comprising: a beam splitter; a lens; a fibre optic stub having a core, a cladding, and a cladding mode reduction feature; and a detector, wherein the fibre optic stub is less than 10 millimeters (mm) in length from a first end proximate to the lens and a second end proximate to the detector, wherein the beam splitter is arranged to receive light from the optical modulator, wherein the lens is arranged to focus light from an output of the beam splitter into the core, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises at least one of: a bend in the fibre optic stub, wherein the bend has a radius between 2 mm and 20 mm, an absorber applied to the cladding, wherein the absorber comprises an index matched material which is index matched to the cladding, or two lens-ended fibres included in the fibre optic stub, wherein the two lens-ended fibres are aligned such that lenses of the two lens-ended fibres face each other and have a common focus; and wherein the detector is arranged to receive light from the fibre optic stub.
 9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the bend.
 10. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the absorber.
 11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the absorber, and wherein the absorber is applied to a break in the cladding and located at least 10 microns from the core.
 12. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the two lens-ended fibres.
 13. The apparatus of claim 8, further comprising: a section of optical fibre between the optical modulator and the beam splitter, wherein the section of optical fibre comprises another cladding mode reduction feature that corresponds to the cladding mode reduction feature.
 14. An optical modulator assembly, comprising: an optical modulator; and an apparatus, comprising: a beam splitter; a lens; a fibre optic stub having a core, a cladding, and a cladding mode reduction feature; and a detector, wherein the fibre optic stub is less than 10 millimeters (mm) in length from a first end proximate to the lens and a second end proximate to the detector, wherein the beam splitter is arranged to receive light from the optical modulator, wherein the lens is arranged to focus light from an output of the beam splitter into the core, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises at least one of: a bend in the fibre optic stub, wherein the bend has a radius between 2 mm and 20 mm, an absorber applied to the cladding, wherein the absorber comprises an index matched material which is index matched to the cladding, or two lens-ended fibres included in the fibre optic stub, wherein the two lens-ended fibres are aligned such that lenses of the two lens-ended fibres face each other and have a common focus; wherein the detector is arranged to receive light from the fibre optic stub, and wherein the apparatus is co-located on a single chip with the optical modulator.
 15. The optical modulator assembly of claim 14, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the bend.
 16. The optical modulator assembly of claim 14, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the absorber, and wherein the absorber comprises a material applied to a break in the cladding and located at least 10 microns from the core.
 17. The optical modulator assembly of claim 14, wherein the cladding mode reduction feature comprises the two lens-ended fibres.
 18. The optical modulator assembly of claim 14, wherein the beam splitter is arranged to split light and direct a first portion of the light in a first direction toward the lens and a second portion of the light in a second direction.
 19. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the beam splitter is arranged to split light and direct a first portion of the light in a first direction toward the lens and a second portion of the light in a second direction.
 20. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the beam splitter is arranged to split light and direct a first portion of the light in a first direction toward the lens and a second portion of the light in a second direction. 